Ginkgo: A living fossil with modern appeal

Ginkgo biloba, known as the maidenhair tree, holds a unique place in horticulture as both an ornamental treasure and a botanical marvel. Native to China and often referred to as a “living fossil,” Ginkgo biloba is the sole surviving species of an ancient group of trees that dates back over 200 million years. Its distinct, fan-shaped leaves and brilliant autumn color make it a standout in urban landscapes and gardens around the world.

Ornamental value

Ginkgo’s most striking feature is its leaves—broad, fan-shaped with veins that radiate outward in a pattern unlike any other tree. In fall, the foliage turns a vibrant golden yellow, creating a dramatic seasonal display. Its symmetrical shape, upright branching, and resistance to pests and diseases make it a great option for a long-term quality tree.

Growth habits and varieties

Ginkgo biloba is a slow-growing deciduous tree. Traditional varieties reach heights of 50 to 80 feet, but there are dwarf clones that are suitable for smaller spaces. It tolerates a wide range of soils and climates, thriving in USDA Zones 4 through 9. The species is dioecious, meaning there are separate male and female trees. Male cultivars are preferred because female trees produce foul-smelling fruits when mature.
Example cultivars include:

• ‘Autumn Gold’ – Known for uniform golden fall color and symmetrical shape.
• ‘Princeton Sentry’ or ‘Fastigiata’ – Narrow, columnar forms ideal for tight spaces.
• ‘Jade Butterflies’ – A dwarf variety suited for smaller landscapes.
• ‘Majestic Butterfly’ – A mutation of ‘Jade Butterflies’ with similar growth form yet with streaks of yellow variegation in the leaves.

Urban resilience

Ginkgo trees are exceptionally tolerant of pollution, salt, compacted soils, and urban heat, making them ideal for city plantings. Their deep root systems allow them to establish well even in paved environments. Unlike many modern landscape plants, ginkgoes have few problems with insects or fungal diseases.

Landscape applications

Ginkgo biloba is used in a variety of landscape settings:

• Street trees due to their durability and low maintenance. Their deep roots tend to leave pavement intact.
• Specimen trees in lawns or courtyards for visual impact. Dwarf varieties fit well as highlights within smaller landscaping.
• Botanical gardens for their cultural significance and unique appearance

Pruning should be minimal and mostly focused on early structural training, as mature ginkgo trees maintain a naturally attractive form.

Ginkgoes have a look all their own. This is one species that is an excellent choice for those wanting to branch away from traditional maples, linden, or honey locust. Whether planted as a solitary feature or lining urban avenues, the ginkgo adds both function and elegance.